Unveiling Hidden Dangers: How we utilise LiDAR for UXO Risk Assessments
At Brimstone, our Research team employs a comprehensive approach to UXO Risk Assessments, combining primary and secondary historical sources, advanced technology, and expert analysis. One of the most powerful tools at our disposal is LiDAR imagery, which enhances our ability to detect and assess UXO risks.
LiDAR provides a Direct Terrain Model (DTM) of a given site, allowing us to identify ground disturbances such as cratering, disused ranges, and historical firing points. Many of these features date back to World War I or World War II, making them critical indicators of potential UXO contamination.
In this blog, our Research team explores how LiDAR plays a crucial role in Brimstone’s UXO Risk Assessments, using imagery from a military training area in the north of England to illustrate its impact.
What is LiDAR?
LiDAR, or Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing technology that uses laser pulses to measure distances to a surface. By analysing the reflected light, LiDAR generates high-resolution maps and 3D models. This technology is widely used in surveying, archaeology, geology, and forestry. At Brimstone, it provides critical insights into site histories, enabling precise UXO risk assessments.
Identifying craters
The example site featured in this blog has been used by the British Armed Forces since the early 20th century. Artillery and aerial bombing have left the landscape covered in craters.
Using LiDAR, we can confirm the presence of craters visible in aerial imagery and uncover previously undetected ones. In the ‘Danger Area’ of this training ground, LiDAR reveals a dense cluster of craters from artillery exercises, some predating World War I. Additionally, remnants of modern bombing targets, such as a Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) site, highlight the site’s continued use for military training.
Understanding these patterns allows us to determine potential UXO contamination zones and assess the level of risk.
Revealing a moving target rail
LiDAR imagery provides remarkable detail, including the clear outline of a moving target rail system used for anti-tank weaponry training. These rails helped troops improve accuracy when firing at moving targets.
This particular range has been operational since at least World War II, with evidence suggesting the use of ordnance such as:
- QF 2-pounders
- QF 6-pounders
- QF 17-pounders
- Post-WWII weaponry including MOBAT and NLAW systems
The ability to visualise and analyse such historical training infrastructure helps our team determine the likelihood of UXO presence and potential locations of unexploded ordnance.
Unearthing trench networks
LiDAR is also highly effective in detecting man-made excavations, such as trench networks. These features provide invaluable insights into historical military activities on a site.
The trench system highlighted in the imagery was originally excavated during World War I for artillery and infantry training. By identifying these networks, our team can assess the likelihood of UXO contamination from discarded ordnance, practice grenades, or munitions that failed to detonate.
Locating firing points and development areas
Firing points and old development sites are another key focus of our UXO Risk Assessments. LiDAR imagery allows us to pinpoint locations where military personnel set up firing positions, providing insights into potential UXO disposal sites.
Identifying historic firing templates and target areas helps us determine which sections of a site may carry a higher UXO risk. This intelligence is crucial when advising clients on safe construction planning and risk mitigation strategies.
Determining risk levels
The insights gained from LiDAR imagery allow our Research team to conduct highly detailed UXO Risk Assessments. By mapping out historical military activity, we can:
- Identify high-risk zones where UXO contamination is likely
- Distinguish between different levels of UXO risk across a site
- Provide data-driven recommendations for UXO mitigation strategies
This detailed approach ensures that our clients receive precise, evidence-based risk assessments tailored to their project needs.
Our UXO Risk Assessment service
If your project involves groundworks, whether in construction, infrastructure, or environmental sectors, you need to assess the potential risk of UXO contamination before beginning work.
Brimstone offers two key UXO risk assessment services:
- Stage 1 Preliminary UXO Risk Assessment – A rapid, cost-effective assessment delivered within 24 to 48 hours.
- Stage 2 Detailed UXO Risk Assessment – A comprehensive, in-depth analysis required for sites with military histories or sites where a stage 1 assessment highlighted potential UXO risks.
Our experienced Research team will provide a bespoke UXO report with actionable recommendations, ensuring your project proceeds safely and efficiently.
Get in touch with Brimstone
If you need expert guidance on UXO risk assessments, contact our Commercial team today. We’re here to help you determine the best assessment for your site and ensure your project meets safety and regulatory requirements.
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